Category Archives: Pharmacology & Physiology

Carrier oils play a central role in the formulation of oil-based injectable compounds. Their physicochemical properties determine not only how efficiently the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) dissolves, but also how the final product behaves upon administration.

Clomiphene citrate and Tamoxifen are the two cornerstone SERMs used in post-cycle therapy (PCT), yet they differ noticeably in how they interact with estrogen receptors and how they restart the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis (HPTA). Their distinct mechanisms shape the speed, stability, and tolerability of hormonal recovery after steroid use.

19-nor anabolic steroids are testosterone-derived compounds modified by the removal of the 19th carbon atom, a change that significantly alters their metabolism and receptor activity.

Aromatization is the conversion of testosterone into estradiol. It is a key hormone-regulating process with wide effects on metabolism, bone health, cardiovascular function, and mood.

Unlike injectable steroids, oral compounds must pass through the liver before they enter systemic circulation — a process known as first-pass metabolism. During this phase, the liver attempts to break down and deactivate foreign substances. Most unmodified steroid molecules are rapidly degraded, resulting in extremely low oral bioavailability.